I thought last Thursday was going to be slow but boy howdy, did a lot show up in my feed. First was Cardoza, "understanding Islam from the light of earliest Jewish Christianity". Before mine eyes had finished rolling, Paleojudaica delivered: Haggai Olshanetsky's "Zenobia", she of Palmyra = Tadmur. Christians remember this queen as a Jewish queen in alliance with Paul of Samosota, forerunner of the archeretic Arius and his emperors. Jews remember her as a persecutor, and refused converts from "Tarmod".
Jews of whatever denomination had inhabited Tadmur before the Arab Kingdom erupted in it. Several late Latin histories note young Gordian's death in Circesium, after Herodian quits; and his tomb. This burial was in scope for Eutropius and for John the Deacon's Epitome De Caesaribus. Here the Historia Augusta would inscribe the imperial cenotaph: in Greek, Latin, Persian, Jewish, and Egyptian
. The HA / Eutropius / Epitome synopsis lately is considered Victor. Olshanetsky vouches for the HA plus, thus: Jewish names served in the XX Palmyrenorum legion, stationed at Dura-Europus.
So I cannot dismiss the existence of a "Jewish Christianity" in the Arab/Aramaic interface to which political adventurers might appeal. (I got yo' "understanding Islam" RIGHT HERE, Bozo.)
The Jews outside her anti-imperium might have sniffed her out even at the time. The Tadmuris were converting to Judaism under a "persecutrix". Olshanetsky must conclude that she was a heretic. Christians wouldn't accept Paul; Jews - from the Sasanian Iraq - couldn't accept Zenobia. "Tarmod" itself reads like a reversal of "Tadmur", as nonSemites write a word. And, in postZenobic text, the metonym stuck: יִמַּח שְׁמוֹ
I suspect these texts against Zenobia and her "Tarmod" arose when Paul's doctrine was dominant in that Roman Empire of the first Constantines.
Palmyrene Judaism has been termed "Hellenistic", by Jews and by their Protestant sympathisers; inasmuch as their text was not the Talmud. Olshanetsky dislikes the term. If I may - the Iraqis may have distrusted Palymra as Hellenist at the time. Zenobia was no amica of Rome; but her late husband had professed to be, and inflicted more damage to Iraq than to the Roman provinces (whence, after all, he was extracting rents). The Palmyrene coinage identified even more with Rome than with Greece. It's not like Semites cared, any more than Westerners cared about the Parthian / Persian distinction.
Later Iraqi Jews could see the Constantines reviving the Tadmur doctrine in a Christian dress. Their Father was monarchical; the Son was simply of some other substance, human and inferior. Their Talmud, compiled from the later 300s to the 600s, moved to a blanket ban on "Tarmod", a herem by any other name. By extension: to any "Jews" who got that way under the Constantines. Constantinople agreed fully, as John Chrysostom blasted what we'd call a "LARP" of Judaism.