Three eruptions in six decades: AD 670-730

In order to pin down Umayyad history, we need reliable chronicles of the era. I'd mentioned before an attempt to constrain various Western chronicles by what they share on climate reports.

So now I've found Chaochao Gao, Francis Ludlow, Or Amir, Conor Kostick, "Reconciling multiple ice-core volcanic histories: The potential of tree-ring and documentary evidence, 670-730 CE", Quaternary International 30 (2015), 1-14. That's doi 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.098. This argues Three major volcanic events can now be identified, dated to 681, 684-686 and 706-707.

Indeed, the early 60s/680s were rough in the Near East. John Bar Penkaye thought they represented the final tribulations. I was unaware of climate trouble early in al-Walid's caliphate, by contrast.

Also, the Greeks recorded Thera popping off in the 100s/720s. Gao et al. don't mention "Thera" or "Santorini" anywhere (the bibliography notes Pearson 2009, but on a different era). That is, I think, because that eruption - although important to the Greeks - didn't have the global scale of the three eruptions in question.