Saturday, November 5, 2022

The Twelve Prophets in Qumran

I've been looking into the later Hebrew Scriptures as received at their latest, pre-Qumran state. This, because they're in the state most-accessible to scholarship. So far we've checked Ezra, Habakkuk, and Obadiah. Somewhere around here I've been considering Daniel and various pieces of Enoch. All of these texts appear in Qumran and were used by the Yachad there.

Today I was pondering Jonah. Jonah is part of the Hellenophones' official "LXX" collection of Twelve. The Masoretic collection is also a Twelve, if in slightly-different order. The Murabba'ati collection in Hebrew is paraMasoretic and, also, certainly a Twelve. You'll recall I didn't insist a Twelve / LXX for Rahlfs 943 at Nahal Hever cave 8.

Modern scholarship sees Jonah as a book like Ruth, a fan-fiction. Where Ruth subverts the Ezra-Nehemiah and (more so) Levi-Amran-Tobit side of Second Temple Judaism, Jonah takes on the oracles-against-the-nations. Jonah presents its prophet as a contemporary of Jeroboam II therefore Nahum, although I don't know the intertext. A setting with Assyria might be safer, in the Achaemenids' Jehud province, than Babylon or Edom whose memories were fresher. Also the Achaemenids (as opposed to Cyrus) might even be Assyrische in that generation's eyes, such that Nineveh stands in for Hamadan or Persepolis.

I'd suspected that the Yachad wouldn't think much of Jonah. Jonah's text is among the Cave 4 scraps, alongside other Minor Prophets. It has been assumed Jonah's scraps came from Twelve MSS, on account the 4Q76 Jonah and Malachi scraps were written by the same hand. Philip Guillaume has doubted this: “A Reconsideration of Manuscripts Classified as Scrolls of the Twelve Minor Prophets (XII)”, The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 7 (2007), 2-12 also “The Unlikely Malachi-Jonah Sequence” (pdf). Well: Ruth probably wouldn't agree with the Yachad either but someone stored that one in Cave 4. Likewise Jonah, though stored, goes uncited in Yachad documents, unless we count 4:8 in 1QHa / Thanksgiving which not everyone does. I am told the same neglect for Haggai although this I cannot explain - Haggai's hero Zerubbabel is commended also in Ben Sira, Zechariah 1-8, and Ezra all of which enjoyed some Dead Sea prestige.

Ben Sira and the Damascus / Zadokite Document do mention a collection of "Twelve". Could it be that Zechariah 1-8 and 9-11 were divided into two books...?

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