Checking in on the perovskite beat: vacuum-based production, perovskite-silicon tandem cells. Theoretical efficiency is 43% so, that's their target; the Chinese think they've broken the 33% barrier already. The local degree-mill has arguably the best sum-up, if you ignore their "carbon!" nonsense.
Which is causing Erkan Aydin on the tandem side to ask: why we're not seeing them yet. It seems that manufacturers are not updating their factories to use the same technique which has offered such wonderful marvelous results in the laboratories, nor vice-versa. Labs use solution-based deposition
; factories still use vapour. The labs aren't researching the vapour-based techniques (which cost a lot, because it's built for scale), and also aren't scaling up their solution-based option.
The research-path to sorting these out appears to be vapour, like the factories do, so fixing the labs.
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